Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition

© 2017, Nelson y Cox, W. H. Freeman;, 7ª Ed., 1328 pags., 22 cm x 28 cms. Tapa Dura.This new Seventh Edition maintains the qualities that have distinguished the text since Albert Lehninger’s original edition—clear writing, careful explanations.

1. The Foundations of Biochemistry

1.1 Cellular Foundations

1.2 Chemical Foundations

Box 1–1 Molecular Weight, Molecular Mass, and Their Correct Units

Box 1–2 Louis Pasteur and Optical Activity: In Vino, Veritas

1.3 Physical Foundations

Box 1–3 Entropy: Things Fall Apart

1.4 Genetic Foundations

2. Water

2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems

2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases

2.3 Buffering agains pH Changes in Biological Systems

Box 2-1 Medicine: On Being One's Own Rabbit (Don't Try This at Home!)

2.4 Water as a Reactant

2.5 The Fitness of Aqueous Environment for Living Organisms

3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

3.1 Amino Acids

Box 3-1 Methods: Absorption of Light by Molecules: The Lambert-Beer Law

3.2 Peptides and Proteins

3.3 Working with Proteins

3.4 The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure 

Box 3–2 Consensus Sequences and Sequence Logos

4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 

4.1 Overview of Protein Structure

4.2 Protein Secondary Structure

Box 4–1 Methods: Knowing the Right Hand from the Left 

4.3 Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures

Box 4–2 Permanent Waving Is Biochemical Engineering

Box 4–3 Why Sailors, Explorers, and College Students Should Eat Their Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Box 4–4 The Protein Data Bank

Box 4–5 Methods: Methods for Determining the Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein

4.4 Protein Denaturation and Folding

Box 4–6 Medicine: Death by Misfolding: The Prion Diseases

5. Protein Function 

5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins

Box 5–1 Medicine: Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer

5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins

5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors 

6. Enzymes

6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes

6.2 How Enzymes Work

6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism 

Box 6–1 Transformations of the Michaelis-Menten Equation: The Double-Reciprocal Plot

Box 6–2 Kinetic Tests for Determining Inhibition Mechanisms

Box 6–3 Curing African Sleeping Sickness with a Biochemical Trojan Horse

6.4 Examples of Enzymatic Reactions

6.5 Regulatory Enzymes

7. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Box 7–1 Medicine: Blood Glucose Measurements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes

Box 7–2 Sugar Is Sweet, and So Are . . . a Few Other Things

7.2 Polysaccharides

7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids

7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code 

7.5 Working with Carbohydrates 

8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 

8.1 Some Basics

8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure

8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry

8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides 

9.  DNA-Based Information Technologies

9.1 Studying Genes and Their Products

Box 9–1 A Powerful Tool in Forensic Medicine

9.2 Using DNA-Based Methods to Understand Protein Function

9.3 Genomics and the Human Story

Box 9–2 Medicine: Personalized Genomic Medicine

Box 9–3 Getting to Know the Neanderthals 

10. Lipids

10.1 Storage Lipids

10.2 Structural Lipids in Membranes

Box 10–1 Medicine: Abnormal Accumulations of Membrane Lipids: Some Inherited Human Diseases

10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments 

10.4 Working with Lipids

11. Biological Membranes and Transport 

11.1 The Composition and Architecture of Membranes

11.2 Membrane Dynamics

11.3 Solute Transport across Membranes

Box 11–1 Medicine: Defective Glucose and Water Transport in Two Forms of Diabetes

Box 11–2 Medicine: A Defective Ion Channel in Cystic Fibrosis

12. Biosignaling

12.1 General Features of Signal Transduction 

Box 12–1 Methods Scatchard Analysis Quantifies the Receptor-Ligand Interaction

12.2 Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers

Box 12–2 Medicine: G Proteins: Binary Switches in Health and Disease

Box 12–3 Methods: FRET: Biochemistry Visualized in a Living Cell

12.3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

12.4 Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G

12.5 Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts

12.6 Gated Ion Channels

12.7 Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors

12.8 Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors

12.9 Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants

12.10 Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation

Box 12–4 Medicine: Color Blindness: John Dalton’s Experiment from the Grave 

12.11 Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases

12.12 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death

Box 12–5 Medicine: Development of Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment

13. Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

13.1 Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics

13.2 Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions

13.3 Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP

Box 13–1 Firefly Flashes: Glowing Reports of ATP 

13.4 Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

14.1 Glycolysis

Box 14–1 Medicine: High Rate of Glycolysis in Tumors Suggests Targets for Chemotherapy and Facilitates Diagnosis 

14.2 Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis

14.3 Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation 

Box 14–2 Athletes, Alligators, and Coelacanths: Glycolysis at Limiting Concentrations of Oxygen

Box 14–3 Ethanol Fermentations: Brewing Beer and Producing Biofuels

14.4 Gluconeogenesis

14.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation

Box 14–4 Medicine: Why Pythagoras Wouldn’t Eat Falafel: Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

15. Principles of Metabolic Regulation

15.1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

15.2 Analysis of Metabolic Control 

Box 15–1 Methods: Metabolic Control Analysis: Quantitative Aspects

15.3 Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Box 15–2 Isozymes: Different Proteins That Catalyze the Same Reaction

Box 15–3 Medicine: Genetic Mutations That Lead to Rare Forms of Diabetes

15.4 The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals

Box 15–4 Carl and Gerty Cori: Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism and Disease

15.5 Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown

16. The Citric Acid Cycle

16.1 Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)

16.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle

Box 16–1 Moonlighting Enzymes: Proteins with More Than One Job 

Box 16–2  Synthases and Synthetases; Ligases and Lyases; Kinases, Phosphatases, and Phosphorylases: Yes, the Names Are Confusing!

Box 16–3 Citrate: A Symmetric Molecule That Reacts Asymmetrically

16.3 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle

16.4 The Glyoxylate Cycle

17. Fatty Acid Catabolism

17.1 Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats

17.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Box 17–1 Fat Bears Carry Out β Oxidation in Their Sleep

Box 17–2 Coenzyme B12: A Radical Solution to a Perplexing Problem 

17.3 Ketone Bodies 

18. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

18.1 Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups

18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle

Box 18–1 Medicine: Assays for Tissue Damage

18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation

Box 18–2 Medicine:Scientific Sleuths Solve a Murder Mystery 

19.  Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation

19.1 Electron-Transfer Reactions in Mitochondria

Box 19–1 Hot, Stinking Plants and Alternative Respiratory Pathways 

19.2 ATP Synthesis

Box 19–2 Methods: Atomic Force Microscopy to Visualize Membrane Proteins 

19.3 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

19.4 Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis

19.5 Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations 

Photosynthesis: Harvesting Light Energy

19.6 General Features of Photophosphorylation

19.7 Light Absorption

19.8 The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow 

19.9 ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation

19.10 The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 

20.1 Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis

20.2 Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways

Box 20–1 Will Genetic Engineering of Photosynthetic Organisms Increase Their Efficiency?

20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose

20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan

20.5 Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell 

21. Lipid Biosynthesis

21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids

Box 21–1 Medicine: Mixed-Function Oxidases, Cytochrome P-450s and Drug Overdoses

21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols

21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids

21.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport 

Box 21–2 Medicine: ApoE Alleles Predict Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease

Box 21–3 Medicine: The Lipid Hypothesis and the Development of Statins

22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Box 22–1 Unusual Lifestyles of the Obscure but Abundant

22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 

22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids

Box 22–2 On Kings and Vampires

22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

23. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism 

23.1 Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions

Box 23–1 Medicine: How Is a Hormone Discovered? The Arduous Path to Purified Insulin

23.2 Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor 

Box 23–2 Creatine and Creatine Kinase: Invaluable Diagnostic Aids and the Muscle Builder’s Friends

23.3 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism

23.4 Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass

23.5 Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

24. Genes and Chromosomes

24.1 Chromosomal Elements

24.2 DNA Supercoiling

Box 24–1 Medicine: Curing Disease by Inhibiting Topoisomerases

24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes

Box 24–2 Medicine: Epigenetics, Nucleosome Structure, and Histone Variants

25. DNA Metabolism

25.1 DNA Replication

25.2 DNA Repair

Box 25–1 Medicine: DNA Repair and Cancer

25.3 DNA Recombination

Box 25–2 Medicine:Why Proper Chromosomal Segregation Matters

26. RNA Metabolism

26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA 

Box 26–1 Methods: RNA Polymerase Leaves Its Footprint on a Promoter 

26.2 RNA Processing 

26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA 

Box 26–2 Medicine: Fighting AIDS with Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase

Box 26–3 Methods: The SELEX Method for Generating RNA Polymers with New Functions

Box 26–4 An Expanding RNA Universe Filled with TUF RNAs

27. Protein Metabolism

27.1 The Genetic Code

Box 27–1 Exceptions That Prove the Rule: Natural Variations in the Genetic Code

27.2 Protein Synthesis

Box 27–2 From an RNA World to a Protein World

Box 27–3 Natural and Unnatural Expansion of the Genetic Code

Box 27–4 Induced Variation in the Genetic Code: Nonsense Suppression 

27.3 Protein Targeting and Degradation

28. Regulation of Gene Expression 

28.1 Principles of Gene Regulation 

28.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

28.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Box 28–1 Of Fins, Wings, Beaks, and Things